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| Damocles, R. Westall, 1812 |
Damocles quickly settled himself into Dionysius’ luxurious
couch and began to enjoy the pleasures of rule — being fanned, having serving
maids feed him, issuing commands, and so on. But in order to make the
experience truly authentic, Dionysius gave one further order: that above
Damocles’ head a shining sword would be suspended by a single horse-hair, so
that he might be ever conscious that at any moment it might fall and carve the
presumptuous pseudo-king in half.
Of course, Damocles soon begged the king to be allowed to
return to his former position.
Getting the Point
Who wouldn’t? What’s it like to feel a sword hanging over
your head every minute? How could you enjoy life at all? And what wouldn’t you
do to get rid of it, even after a few minutes of that experience?
Well, maybe we should ask someone who is struggling with
guilt. I cannot think of any story that better captures the feeling of
impending exposure and judgment that comes with knowing you’ve really done
something wrong. You know full well that at any moment what you’ve done could
come out, and you could be under the judgment of your colleagues, of your
friends, of family, of the law, and even of God himself. How does it feel to
live under the sword? I really don’t think any of us would choose to live that
way. How could we stand it?
And yet, that is the real state of man. We are estranged
from God, guilty of great sins, and anxious for any means to escape the feeling
of our guilt. What will we not do?
WiC Lights a Candle
Anyway, these thoughts came back to me in the last couple of
days. I had two of my pals — WiC and Tom — down visiting with me for
a few days, and I enjoyed their company immensely. “Iron sharpens iron”, says
the proverb, and I found their conversation and insights immensely refreshing. And
it was WiC who reminded me of a book I’d read a few years ago on the subject of
guilt. At the time, I’d been rather stimulated in my thinking by it, and so I had chatted about it with WiC. He told me he’d found some of the thoughts
raised by our conversation useful subsequently, and he encouraged me to float
some of it out there for general consideration.
Okay, let’s do that.
The book I had been reading was by Dr. Jay
Budziszewski, a Christian author from Texas, and an ethicist by profession. It
came out a decade or so ago, and was titled What We Can’t Not Know.
Sometimes a title is almost as good as the book.
Much of this one was devoted to describing what universal,
human moral knowledge looks like. But even more interesting was Dr. Budziszewski’s
characterizations of what happens to the human personality when people don’t admit what they know, and instead of
dealing with their sins try to live with them, cover them up or justify them in
some way.
According to Budziszewski, it twists and perverts their
moral compass, until (to quote Macbeth) “Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” It
wrenches their personalities until they are capable of not only excusing but
promoting all sorts of cruelties and injustices, all in the name of goodness. The
longer they do it, the darker the place to which they go.
According to the good doctor, they go there in predictable
patterns, and for predictable reasons. Let’s look at these patterns.
Seeing It Sociologically
Now, I’m going to have to take the liberty of paraphrasing the
author a bit, merely for the sake of brevity. He had a whole book: I have only
a post. But I want to give you some of the substance he offers, because I think
it’s so good. Moreover, I’m going to risk extrapolating a few cases and points
from him, because I want the application of his insights to be clear to the
present audience. I promise to stay with his general scheme; and I’m sure that
if I inadvertently build on his ideas in some way not entirely consonant with
his he may pardon me, since I’m plugging his book.
The great insight of Dr. Budziszewski here is that there are
genuinely things we “can’t not know”. That is, all healthy human beings have a
God-given awareness of certain basic moral absolutes. And though any number of
skeptics about that exist, he does not believe that any of them actually does
not secretly stand possessed of at least the moral minima, and he calls them on that:
“[A]t some level, everyone knows them; even the murderer knows the wrong of murder, the adulterer the wrong of adultery, the mocker the wrong of mockery. He may say he doesn’t, but he does. There are no real moral skeptics; supposed skeptics are playing make-believe, and doing it badly.”
Getting It Biblically
Now, this is interesting, since it’s pretty consonant with
the moral minima as described in Romans 1:32. For there the Lord says of sinful mankind, “Though they know God’s righteous
decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do
them but give approval to those who practice them.”
They knew. Their denial and their “giving approval” to others
to do immoral things was a fraud. They really were not “moral skeptics” at all;
they were just dishonest and disobedient.
But I want to pause here so as not to lose the emphasis of scripture.
For long before it says this, Romans 1 talks about other things “they knew”. They knew God. They knew who he is, what he is like, and what he approves. They saw
all this from the created world. But they weren’t interested. They chose
instead to be “wise” guys on their own terms. And it was because of that that
God let them become “fools”. And
it was then that he gave them up to depravity of mind and perversity of morals.
Their first problem was not a moral problem: it was a relationship problem. They didn’t
want to know God. What Dr. Budziszewski
calls their “playing make-believe” is a product of their passion not to know
God, and only secondarily a product of their rejection of morality itself. For
morality, as I have said before, is nothing other than the actions and
attitudes consonant with the character of God. To reject God, therefore, is
ultimately to reject any grounds for morality, and hence to cut oneself adrift
in a sea of (potential) amorality and immorality with no land in sight.
I find I wish that in his book Dr. Budziszewski had made
more of this order. It is true that the world sinking into immorality is a
problem; but it’s a secondary problem. The main problem is not how bad we are;
it’s how far we are from God. The badness is only a reflection of that. Still,
he seems to be quite right to say that there is no such thing as a true moral
skeptic. For moral skepticism is derivative too: the first choice is the
rejection of God. After that, the plunge into moral confusion just follows
naturally.
Five Furies of Conscience
Admitting, then, that we are looking at symptomology, not at
the core problem, let us go on. We do have a conscience, says Dr. Budziszewski,
and it’s active even when we try to shut it down. It’s just something we “can’t
not know”. Still, rather few people respond to their consciences, and we might
well wonder how that works out for them. On this, Budziszewski has definite
ideas. He says that conscience comes back to bite us.
With a tip of his hat to Greek mythology, he terms the
consequences of a suppressed conscience “The Five Furies”. There are, he says,
at least five toxic developments that follow when we know we’ve done wrong but
want to pretend we haven’t. Take a look at the list below, and see if you
recognize any of his characterizations.
Fury 1 — Chronic Remorse
Feelings of shame, guilt and
self-loathing, recurring on an ongoing basis. We know we are guilty, but we are
determined to learn to live long enough for that realization to go away. Meanwhile,
we will adopt such coping strategies as may make this possible.
One is by channeling guilt into
fierce devotion to an unrelated moral
activity (as when the pornography addict becomes a fiery advocate for
veganism, women’s rights or religious legalism). Another is shifting consequences to others (as when
I send my parents to school to defend my plagiarism). Then there’s redescribing (calling killing children “terminating
pregnancy”) and, oddly enough, repeating
the deed — often many times — in a vain effort to have a different
kind of moral experience with it.
Fury 2 — False Confession
Blurting out, retelling our
recounting our actions to all sorts of people, but usually with “spin”: meaning
that we really self-advocate instead of self-expose when we do it. We say, “It
was bad, but what else could I do?” or “It could have been worse, but I really
shouldn’t have” or “I was just having such an awful time that eventually I had
to do something.”
The problem, though, is that since
the confession is a fake (and deep down the guilty person is aware of it is,
since it fudges the truth he knows) he must tell the story over and over again,
each time looking for the formulation that will finally alleviate the guilt.
Fury 3 — False Atonement
We know that a debt must be paid. But
the one price we are not willing to pay is the one price actually demanded. We
won’t repent, so we indulge in elaborate rituals of self-flagellation as if
suffering or self-denial were some sort of fee that would make the deed right.
Having guilt about having
defrauded, I turn to being a recognized philanthropist. Having aborted my
child, I interpret a bout with cervical cancer as the payoff for having done
so. Something “pays off” my debt, but always a thing I was willing to give, or
something I could not avoid anyway. And I try to tell myself afterward that the
scales have been balanced. Yet I secretly know they have not, and yet another
time the “price” will have to be “paid”.
Fury 4 — False Reconciliation
Our sins make a rupture between
ourselves and others, and more importantly, between ourselves and our God. Yet we
are social creatures, and cannot stand to be alienated. So we must either
retrieve what’s left of the relationships we have violated (on terms defined by
us, of course) or else take on other relationships that will fill up the void
created by our misdeed.
So we seek the company of others
who are participants in our type of sin, and form a mutually-supportive
environment. Or we can wish to pull society at large back into harmony with us,
in which case we start a social movement to justify our shameful activities and
normalize them. Solidarity, companionship, mutual reassurance and the public
defeat of objectors are expected to alleviate remorse.
Fury 5 — False Justification
We’re not talking here about really making something equitable or
just; this kind of “justification” is merely about rationalizing. In some cases, it’s about agreeing with the moral
law and leaving it at least superficially intact, but making excuses for our
own case. In another, it involves distorting the moral law itself in such a way
that what is ultimately wrong is
reconstructed as the right. In both
forms, it assumes morality is still both whole and truly in force … but
now the moral law that used to condemn me is compelled to be my ally.
Dr. Budziszewki is emphatic that
this is very likely to prove the worst fury of the lot. It requires not only
the justification of my deeds, but then the justification as well of every
corollary and similar action done by anyone. I end up justifying a whole packet
of evils I originally had no intention to justify, simply to keep my story
consistent. So there’s a kind of cascade effect, in which perhaps I eventually
flush away my entire moral compass: but I do it in stages, so at no point am I aware how much I’m actually losing.
Justification requires others who
agree. So like reconciliation, I have to enlist others to my cause. One way to
do this powerfully today is to co-opt the language of human rights. I take my
sin, turn into a right, and then turn my right into everyone else’s duty. Thus
there can no longer be any such thing as a principled, reasonable objection,
and no one can any longer be seen as a “good” person if they disagree with me. Evil
becomes good, and good becomes evil.
Living under the blade. You cope by denying, deflecting,
twisting and perverting justice, all with the aim to get out from under it. That’s
human nature. I don’t know what you think of Dr. Budziszewski’s scheme as
laid out here. I find that I recognize a great deal in it, both from personal
experience and from the larger political environment of our day.
One More
Tom points out an additional manifestation of the furies of
conscience: maybe we should call it Fury 6 — Spreading the Sickness. That’s
an awfully common reaction. When you realize you’ve done something
evil, it’s human nature to want to pull others into it and make them complicit, to drag them down to your level, or to spread defilement as widely as possible.
Why people do this, I cannot quite say. Maybe it’s a form of
what Budziszewski calls “false reconciliation”, a means of creating a dark “community”
of fallen equals; maybe it's the jealous feeling that other people ought not to be allowed to be better than oneself; or maybe it’s just a perverse desire to
replicate evil so often that the term “good” is not longer accessible — who can say for sure? In any event, I think Tom’s got a further point there: guilty people do often fall to
victimizing others.
Can’t Not Know?
Is Dr. Budziszewski right? Do people really know? Is
awareness that we have fallen short of God’s standard, and have done so
repeatedly and egregiously, a universal phenomenon? It does seem winsomely close
to the spirit of Romans 1; but if we all have a moral compass and a deep
awareness of the existence of God — what are the real world consequences
of living in denial? Did Budziszewski get them right?
Well, how it all works out in real life I’m content to leave
to your judgment. We’ve all been alive in this world long enough to see how far
his ideas do or do not go. However, cautiously speaking, there are a few things
that I think we can take away with us, and here they are:
Firstly, the
people around us who act like they don’t know they’re sinning are not telling
us the truth. They know what they’ve done, and they feel their guilt: they’re
just talking as if they don’t. They “can’t not know” what they are.
That’s important to realize. When we, as Christians, speak
of sin, guilt or judgment, we’re not talking about something people don’t
understand; they do. What we need to do is to help them reopen a wound they’re
already feeling, not create some injury they don’t. And as with pulling the
bandages off any wound, we must do so gently, carefully and in a way that
reassures people that our intention is not to hurt them further but to bring them
relief and healing at last.
But it’s going to sting a little. And we have to be ready
for their reaction.
Secondly, people
want to get free of guilt. The cover-ups, the coping-mechanisms and even the
Five Furies are all eloquent testimony that people cannot live happily with
guilt, no matter what they say. And if we could help them to get free of it
once and for all, and to feel not just the temporary balm of another false hope
but the deep relief of being finally right with God their delight would be even
greater than their pain now. Moreover, if we could point them to the grace of
God, which could make possible genuine repentance, forgiveness, atonement and
reconciliation with their fellow man, imagine the feeling of release we would
grant them.
And we can. By God’s grace, we can.
Thirdly, finding a guilty soul in their place of need can be
helped by recognizing patterns like those Dr. Budziszewski has identified.
He may not even have the whole story there — I’d be surprised if he
did — but he’s given us a very good starting point, I think, for
diagnosing what’s driving certain kinds of self-justifying behavior. Instead of
falling for the coping mechanism or “fury” a person is manifesting, we can be
more sympathetic and look beyond the coping to the deep wound underneath. Even
when that person turns on us with spite or self-righteous anger, we can be
reassured that they’re just manifesting the depth of their need for God. And we
can learn not to take it personally.
Lastly, we need to
remember that sin is not merely a single action or a single problem, no matter
how serious a problem we may see. Persisting in sin is a worldview-distorting
condition, one that cascades into more and more areas of life, and infects all
areas of personal well-being. And beyond all that, the worst thing about
persisting in sin is that it definitely identifies a soul that is out of
relationship with the Eternal God. He is holy: sin does not coexist with him,
and without forgiveness of sins, there is zero chance for any fellowship
with God.
We need to be wise about when to speak and when to be
silent, but always to be looking to the good for everyone, remembering that the
deepest need of every human being is that relationship with God. Sin is not our
focus; it is an impediment to our focus. Our focus is on “destroy[ing] arguments and every lofty opinion raised against the knowledge of God, and
tak[ing] every thought captive to obey Christ.” We’re not sin-hunters: we’re ambassadors for Christ. And though we may
sometimes find ourselves in enemy territory, our goal is to open up peace
negotiations and work for reconciliation.
We’re bridge-builders, not judges.
A Little Humility
“If you, O Lord, should mark iniquities,” writes the psalmist,
“O Lord, who could stand?”
Good question. We all have a guilt problem, and we’ve all got
to deal with it. But some of us, by the grace of Christ, have been welcomed
into the discovery that it does not have to shame us, crush us and destroy all
our relationships. We can be free. We need to be quick to apply that balm to
the wounds of the guilty world around us.
And they are guilty, for they truly “can’t not know”.
But we know what God says about that:
“As I live,” declares the Lord God, “I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and live …”
One of my favourite books.
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